Bookkeeping is Only Half the Equation for Effectively Managing Wealth
Many affluent families believe that their financial affairs are straightforward, leading to frustration over the lack of immediate access to comprehensive financial information for liquidity, budgeting, tax planning, and investment management purposes.
In reality, however, many wealthy individuals have more complex financial affairs than they realize, including multiple trusts, extensive private equity investments, private foundations, multiple residences, family limited partnerships, intrafamily loans, and much more. Given this complexity, one might question whether their financial affairs are truly as simple as they initially appear.
To keep track of it all, many wealthy individuals and families hire professionals to manage their finances. However, some families find that the inputs tracked through extensive bookkeeping are not the same as the insights provided through in-depth accounting and comprehensive financial reporting. This article will detail the tasks performed by each discipline and why both bookkeeping and accounting services are essential for providing structure and clarity to a family’s or an individual’s financial affairs.
The Essential Partnership: Bookkeepers and Accountants
Understanding the distinction between bookkeeping and accounting is crucial for holistic financial management. Bookkeeping involves the meticulous recording of financial transactions and documenting every financial move accurately. Accounting, on the other hand, encompasses a broader range of services, including the interpretation, analysis, and reporting of financial data to inform strategic decisions. Both functions are indispensable; bookkeeping provides the foundational data, while accounting transforms this data into actionable insights, enabling families to preserve and grow their wealth across generations. Consider the example of a wealth holder with a diverse portfolio of personal property, marketable securities, and alternative assets. The bookkeeper enters all transactional data for a given month into a general ledger system and runs a few reports – perhaps total expenses, an income statement, and a balance sheet. But a monthly summary of debits, credits, liabilities, and assets doesn’t provide truly insightful information. An accountant, however, will review the reports and:- Determine the underlying reasons for significant changes – For example, was additional cash contributed to this investment account or was a distribution received?
- Make adjustments to help increase the potential for tax-deductible expenses – Are all costs associated with an operating entity/for-profit trade or business being allocated to the right entity?
- Notify the tax team of any relevant information – Has the tax team incorporated the gain from the sale of securities in their quarterly estimated tax payment calculations?
How Accountants Support a Comprehensive Financial Strategy
Enhancing Tax Benefits
For high-net-worth individuals with multiple family members, investment advisors, operating entities, residential properties, and staff it is often difficult to ensure that the appropriate tax deductions are being taken and reported correctly. For example, many wealthy families have employees that support their personal needs from a lifestyle management perspective, but those same individuals may also provide support for the family’s business and investment-related activities. A bookkeeper might book a personal assistant’s payroll and benefits costs, for example, under a single entity in the general ledger. An accountant, on the other hand, might allocate a pro-rata share of those costs to the operating business or investment entities the assistant supports, thereby facilitating additional tax deductions for the family. Additionally, while individuals may intend to keep all business-related expenses on one credit card and personal expenses on another, business and personal expenses are often intermingled. Most bookkeepers won’t know how to analyze the expenses and reclassify them as necessary to the tax-deductible business accounts, but a knowledgeable accountant will.Transfer Wealth Efficiently
Ultra-high-net-worth individuals and their families face unique challenges in estate and wealth transfer planning. Accountants leverage financial records to develop comprehensive estate and wealth transfer plans that align with the wealth holder’s long-term goals. These plans might include charitable contributions, funding trusts, and direct gifting strategies. Bookkeepers record past actions, but accountants can help the wealth holder make more informed decisions about the future. For example, while many bookkeepers will record an asset at cost upon its acquisition, they often won’t know the importance of tracking each asset under the appropriate entity’s general ledger account and continuing to record the fair market value of the asset on the balance sheet. As a result, the wealth owner may not be able to easily see where their personal net worth stands, especially regarding the value of assets still titled in their name. Without this information, it’s very difficult to answer questions such as “What is my estate tax liability if I were to pass away today, and what can I do to lower that in the future?” Similarly, accountants will bring the wealth holder ideas that make current wealth transfer plans more efficient. For example, an accountant may know that an irrevocable grantor trust has a clause allowing for the exchange of an asset in the trust for an asset of equal value on the wealth holder’s personal financial statement. With such knowledge, they might recommend a swap for significantly appreciated marketable securities being held in trust with other non-appreciated assets of the same value. This way, beneficiaries get a step-up in basis upon the wealth holder’s death, which would not be the case if they were titled to a trust upon death. Learn more here.Compliance with Commitments and IRS Regulations
Accountants can see trends in the financials and know that there are deeper questions to ask. For example, if the family owns a property that they usually rent out, but suddenly rental income stops coming in, the accountant is likely to raise questions to stay in compliance with tax regulations. Sometimes, a family member or friend is allowed to stay at the property for free, which the IRS classifies as a gift. If the rent isn’t reported on a gift tax return, then the statute of limitations doesn’t start running, and the IRS can go back and audit records indefinitely. The same issue can apply to an intra-family loan. A bookkeeper may just book the payment as a distribution, but an accountant will know that additional documentation is required to ensure that the IRS doesn’t deem the loan a gift, potentially creating a 40% gift tax liability on the value of what was intended to be a loan. Finally, an accountant will know to document not just the initial investment in a private placement investment, but the full amount of the uncommitted capital. Aggregating the uncommitted capital across the entire portfolio will enable better liquidity planning in the future as capital calls come in over time. Questions about your wealth that bookkeepers and accountants can address:| Bookkeepers | Accountants |
| How much cash do I have on hand today? | Will I have enough cash to cover my spend rate while still seeking to enhance my return on assets? |
| What was the total cost of all home improvements this year? | Should any of the home improvements we made this year be capitalized vs. expensed? |
| How much have I given in charitable donations this year? | What is the remaining required distribution from my private foundation? |
| What is the total value of all my assets? | How much of my total wealth enterprise will be subject to estate taxes? |